ForHisGlory37

I will let you know, but my goats are wily and clever... they are nigerian dwarfs so can squeeze through places one would not think they even could. And goats are fast! They hop and jump like bunny rabbits and deer. I shall have to entice them with grain or apples. I definitely would not let them free range near our house. :D

Hi Feminist! Welcome to Worthy! I believe and trust the Lord for His best plans for you and your husband. The Lord is doing an amazing work in your husband. The jail time drew him closer to the Lord I believe. You seem to have a pretty good grasp of the Scriptures, I pray that the Holy Spirit will also open your spiritual eyes to the truth. God is Spirit and we cannot come to Him with our carnal fleshy mind. We need to be reborn again in the Spirit. I can't post videos directly here but I can give you titles. I believe testimonies of the work of the Lord and His Spirit would help you. When believers share their testimonies, it is powerful. Here is the title on a Youtube video.... I Couldn't Believe In the Bible- Hanmaum Church They have subtitles. You will find powerful testimonies of the work of Jesus... He is still alive today, He is still at work today. Feminist, I thank the Lord for your open heart. You husband must love you dearly for wanting to wait for you! That is precious in the Lord's sight. He truly loves you like he loves his own body... I pray that you would have a real encounter with the Living God. You are beloved. blessings! :D

I was thinking more like shooting them in the butt with a pellet gun or something.... you know, not to kill them but just hurt them a bit so they won't do it again! LOL

Dennis, while I was reading your post, I thought, did you have a rooster? They are good to keep around to protect the girls. I train my chickens to come running when they see me with treats... I call them, I know this will sound funny but I yell, "chick, chick , chickeeeeeennnnnsss!!! " LOL and I give them corn scratch (they love it) mixed with black sunflower seeds. You can train them to run back to your coop at night. Another is to keep Guinea Hens, they are really good with bugs and I think they even kill snakes?

Omie, I followed your link, the other link too, and then I got an error..... :/

Dennis, maybe try free range chickens? They will eat a lot of the bugs, but you might have to put a little fencing to keep the chickens from eating your veggies too, but I am sure they would eat all those nasty little bugs trying to feast on your veggies.

Praying!

Oh, I was going to use the straw that was in my goat pen.. not the goats.... I have to have a chain around them and move them around.... they are a bit picky about what they want to eat. And, I don't want them jumping on my cars! LOL

Dusty and all, I found info on the stuff you were talking about. It even tells you how to make it yourself. DIY....Hope this helps someone out there! DIY How to Make Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculant June 30, 2018 by Jared Cox For a few dollars you can make $40,000 worth (100 million propagules) of mycorrhizal fungi inoculant by doing it yourself. No scientific equipment needed. Read on to learn about mycorrhizal fungi or skip to instructions Table of Contents: [show] What is Mycorrhizal Fungi? Short answer: Mycorrhizal fungi is a naturally-occurring beneficial soil organism that forms a symbiotic relationship with plant roots. For the past 460 million years an estimated 80-90% of the earth’s land plants have existed with mycorrhizae naturally, in a variety of climates from dry deserts to wet rainforests. Terminology: Mycorrhizae (plural); Mycorrhiza (singular): defines the association between plant and fungus Mycorrhizal fungi: refers to the fungi itself The name mycorrhizae (Myco meaning fungi and rhizae meaning roots) is a term for symbiotic associations between plant roots and fungi. This mutalistic growth is in most cases beneficial to both the host plant and the fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi are the fungi that colonize plant roots. To survive, the fungi get carbohydrates and other compounds excreted from living plant roots. In exchange, the fungi assists plants in ways such as increasing nutrient and water uptake, especially the mineral nutrient phosphorus. Plants with mycorrhizae often grow bigger and faster as a result of this increased nutrient uptake. Types of Mycorrhizal Fungi Mycorrhizae are classified as ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. Endomycorrhizae penetrate cells of the plant root Ectomycorrhiazae do not penetrate the cells of the plant root “Why do I need to know the difference?” Coniferous trees, oak, beech, birch, chestnut, and hickory trees only associate with ectomycorrhizae. Most vegetables, crops, shrubs, many trees, grasses and cannabis only associate with endomycorrhizae. Endomycorrhizae are have been further classified as arbuscular, ericoid, arbutoid, monotropoid, and orchid mycorrhizae. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae: The most common type of endomycorrhizae are known as Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM fungi, AMF, VAM). AM fungi is found in 80% of vascular plants and is considered the #1 most abundant symbionts in ecosystems around the world. The earliest fossils of plant roots contain Arbuscular Mycorrhiza nearly identical to the kind found in today’s soils. [1] Arbuscular is a term to describe the tree-like structure of the fungi, forming a visable mycelium of branching white filimants, as shown below. Over 150 AM fungal species have been described so far. Rhizophagus irregularis (previously known as Glomus intraradices) are the most prolific species of AM fungi known to facilitate nutrient uptake to plants. What’s so good about it? AM fungi have shown to increase the growth and nutritive status of nearly every annual (or biennial) agronomic crop (excluding the Brassica family of vegetables). [2] During this intracellular symbiosis, AM fungi colonizes a plants roots, increasing it’s rhizosphere. This symbiosis enhances water and nutrient uptake to host plants, while protecting roots from soil-borne pathogens. [2] AM fungi release immobilized nutrients such as phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen and micronutrients from material sources in the soil, to be passed onto the host plant.[3] Key Points: AM fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) can be found naturally in soils around the world. Studies have shown the importance mycorrhizal fungi has in providing plants nutrients required to grow. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculant AM fungi can reproduce through spores, hyphae and colonized root pieces. These are all used as inoculum. What to know: Propagule is a word that defines spores, mycelium and root pieces – all viable means of mycorrhizal infection. Spores are made within the root cortex or on the hyphae. These large (20-1000+ μm) asexual spores have a long shelf life and are resilient to high & low temperatures, moisture, drying out ect. due to it’s hard exterior shell. Spores can be dormant for years without a host plant, although viability may be reduced in time. Hyphae are the microscopic, threadlike filaments that make up the mycelium of the fungi. Hyphae colonize a plant quicker than spores, however they are more sensitive to factors like light, aggregation, moisture and temperature. Unlike spores hyphae need plant roots to live, which makes their shelf life much shorter than spores. Colonized root pieces can contain hyphae and spores, as well as vescicles (storage structures). Colonized root pieces are at their highest infectibility freshly harvested, but will retain some viability over time due to the spores and vesicles contained in them. Understanding the differences of spores vs. hyphae is crucial to application practices. For example, in an irrigation system where the delicate hyphae can be easily damaged through agitation, you would want to use more spores than hyphae.[4] What’s good about it? Research has shown that mycorrhizal inoculation can have a positive impact on yields. In one study, strawberry plants inoculated with AM fungi prior to transplant outdoors produced 17% more fruit than uninoculated controls. [5] Another study with peppers observed a 14 to 23% yield increase in inoculated controls.[6] Anecdotal evidence from cannabis growers report benefits in root mass, yield and bud weight when plants are inoculated with AM fungi. When to inoculate: Transplanting: Inoculum is best to apply when transplanting crops, especially in areas where any disturbances have reduced native mycorrhizal fungi. Seedlings: Inoculum may be used to produce pre-colonized seedlings that can take advantage of mycorrhizae’s benefits immediately. Established plants/trees: Any previous fungicide use or other soil degradation may require inoculation to reintroduce AM fungi to the soil microbial ecosystem. How long does it take: In ideal conditions, viable propagules can colonize roots effectively in 5-16 days although it may take 4 or more months to encompass a plant’s root system. How to Make Mycorrhizal Fungi (DIY Method) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) are obligate biotrophs, which means that the fungi can only be propagated with a host plant. AM fungi spores can germinate without a host, but have a limited capacity to grow and will eventually die if they do not encounter a susceptible root for infection.[7] A suitable host can be any variety of plant that supports endomycorrhizal colonization. This includes the 80% of land plants that support AM fungi. You can use a trap culture method to multiply commercial inoculant (skip forward), or to make your own local AM fungi from a soil sample. The easiest way to make mycorrhizal inoculant is to get it from a nearby plant. Simply take an infected plant’s root area and place it close another plant’s roots to inoculate. Why not stop there? Direct application of local samples often yields a low (<10%) success rate. That's why trap cultures are used to multiply the fungi present in the sample. These trap culture methods are widely used and yield a high (<%75) success rate. Why do trap cultures work so well? INVAM (International Culture Collection of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) hypothesizes that: Mycorrhizal fungi infectivity appears to be increased in an ever-expanding root space during the active phase of shoot and root growth. Once roots have ceased or slowed growth, mycorrhizal colonization slows down accordingly, and at some point also reaches stasis. Carbon (obtained from the plant roots) may be allocated by the fungi differently depending on a plant’s life-cycle. Carbon can be used by the fungi to concentrate on external hyphae development (more infective) or sporulation (less infective). Collecting starter inoculum: 1.) Find a host: In order to get a locally adapted and taxonomically diverse inoculum, soil should be collected from a natural area such as a field or forest containing AM fungal plants (see chart). Slightly dry soil works best. To avoid introducing pathogens and to obtain a diverse sample of AM fungi, collect samples from a natural, undisturbed location that hasn’t been used to grow the crop of which you want to inoculate. 2.) Dig it up: Due to the fact that mycorrhizal fungi can be distributed irregularly, digging up four to five samples is recommended. Most mycorrhizae are found in the top 3 inches of soil, so samples do not need to include soil deeper than this layer. At least 50% roots-to-soil should make up the sample volume for best results 3.) Break it up: Shake off the root balls into a bucket or bin to expose the roots. This contains the mycorrhizal spores and hyphae. *Avoid excessive force and/or washing the roots (valuable hyphae will be lost or killed). 4.) Cut it up: Cut the root system into 1-3 cm pieces with scissors and mix into the inoculum. These roots contain the mycorrhizal vesicles. With stony soil, sieve it to get rid of large stones. What’s next? Send it to the trap. The inoculum is now ready to be used in a trap culture. Should I sterilize the starter inoculum? The Catch-22 is whether to sterilize the starter inoculum or not. While sterilizing will kill any potential unwanted pathogens, it will also kill the viable hypahe present in the inoculum, making it less infective. Sterilization is done by heating the sample in an autoclave, an oven, or by ‘cooking’ in the hot sun. Making A Trap Culture AM fungi multiplies rapidly on the carbon-rich roots of a fast growing plant. That’s why a quick-growing C4 variety of grass (warm weather grass) is sown crowded in pots as fungal host plants. The following method is based off INVAM’s method and Rodale Institue’s On-Farm System: What you need: Starter inoculum Bahia grass seed like this on Amazon 15-cm sized pots like these on Amazon Coarse silica sand such as swimming pool filter sand like this on Amazon (not crushed coral sand) Set-up: Starter inoculum is mixed with sterilized coarse sand at a 1:1 volume. The mix is then placed in a 15-cm pot. Alternatively, commercial inoculant can be used at the manufacturer’s suggested application rates in a 1:4 compost:vermiculite mix as the Rodale method does. Pots are overseeded (80-100 seeds per pot) with Bahia grass seed. Other plant species can be used, but avoid sparsely rooted and slow growing plants. Pots are placed in a greenhouse or covered table outdoors. Water as necessary. Fertilization is kept to a minimum, being applied only when plants show signs of phosphorus deficiencies (purpling of leaf sheaths), or nitrogen deficiency (chlorosis of young leaves). Trap cultures are grown for 4 months. Harvesting trap culture: At 4 months growth, trap cultures (roots and medium) are ready to be harvested (shaken and cut up) and can applied to plant roots as needed. Why the wait? While sporulation does happens in the first three months, INVAM found that during the fourth month is when plant shoots and roots have ceased growth and carbon seems to be repartitioned to sporulation rather than mycorrhizal development. A longer time often is undesirable because other fungi often colonize the cultures which can lead to hyperparasitism. Use it fresh or store it? Inoculum is at it’s highest infectivity fresh due to the short life of hyphae, so it’s best for crop growers to apply immediately. You don’t need to use all the inoculum at once. You can a) transplant host plants to a larger container size, b) cut the host plants and reseed the pot or c) dry the inoculant and place it in bags, storing it in a dark, cool, dry area. Storing inoculum by drying is mostly for spore extraction and single species research, however some sources have shown that certain species of AM fungi spores benefit from a dormancy period. You can dry the mix and keep it in bags or containers placed in a low-humidity dark location. INVAM How to apply: Inoculant should be placed at a close proximity to plant roots to ensure colonization. If growing under the sun, protect inoculant from direct sunlight by adding mulch or burying it. In the ground: Work inoculant into soil (3 in. max) as close as possible to seedlings, transplants or established plant roots. In pots: Inoculant should be placed directly surrounding transplanted roots (more effective), or can be mixed evenly into the potting mix (less effective). Alternatively, the inoculum can be made into a liquid that can be watered into the soil or used as a root dip when transplanting. Use immediately to preserve the max. amount of viable hyphae. (Don’t mix in a compost tea. Why?) In ground/pots: Water in slowly to ensure root ball penetration. In hydro/aeroponics: Dip roots in the liquid instead of of running it through irrigation systems which will damage the delicate hyphae. If you must run it through, filter the liquid (using a paint filter like this on Amazon) to avoid clogging. How much inoculant do I need? The On-Farm system recommends a dilution ratio of 1:9 (inoculum:soil/medium) for starter tray cells that are 50 cm3 (3 cubic inches) or smaller, while larger containers and established plants can use a 1:19 volume. However, it can be beneficial to use a little more inoculant than is necessary due to the difficulty of obtaining an evenly populated mix. In theory though, only a small amount of inoculant is needed to start the colonization process as we’ve seen plants get colonized with mycorrhizal fungi in as little as 3 months from a single (injected) spore.[8] How do I test how much mycorrhizal fungi is present? Soil samples can be lab tested to find the amount of mycorrhizal fungi present. Here’s a few labs that provide that service: Mycorrhiza Biotech Earthfort Harrington’s Organics Microbial Matrix Western Laboratories Advanced techniques Mycorrhizal fungi spores can be isolated by wet-sieving and decanting methods. A bit time consuming, but fairly low tech and highly effective. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the new plate counting method, adhesion flotation technique, and the capillary rise method also are used for isolating spores. (more). In vitro growth of AM fungi is limited due to the fungi requiring a living host to complete it’s life cycle. Germinating spores in axenic conditions produces swellings that do not appear to develop into spores, however methods are being used to manipulate spores in these conditions. (more info here) Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculant For Sale: For some plant cultivators, using commercial inoculum may be an easier option to bolster AM fungi populations. What is it? Commercial mycorrhizal fungi inoculant is made of freeze dried fungal propagules that come mixed into clay granules, as soluble powder, or in liquid formulations. Granular AM Fungi Inoculant VAM contains 7 species of AM fungi suitable for a wide variety of climates and plants. Active Ingredients: Glomus intraradices: 104 propagules/gm Glomus claroidium: 9 propagules/gm Glomus deserticola: 9 propagules/gm Glomus mosseae: 9 propagules/gm Glomus etunicatum: 9 propagules/gm Gigaspora albida: 9 propagules/gm Glomus clarum: 9 propagules/gm VIEW PRICE ► Single Species Granular Inoculant Mykos contains one species of mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus intraradices, known to facilitate nutrient uptake in plants. Active Ingredient: Glomus intraradices: 80 spores/gm VIEW PRICE ► Soluble Powder Inoculant A water-soluble powdered inoculant blend of 4 AM fungi species. Active Ingredients: Mixed – Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, Glomus aggregatum, Gomus etunicatum: 100,000 propagules/lb VIEW PRICE ► Liquid Inoculant Myco Bliss is a liquid formulation that contains 5 AM fungal species – treats up to 300 plants. Active Ingredients: Glomus intraradices: 100 propagules/ml Glomus aggregatum: 100 propagules/ml Glomus proliferum: 100 propagules/ml Glomus clarus: 100 propagules/ml Claroideoglomus etunicatum: 100 propagules/ml VIEW PRICE ► How to apply commercial inoculant: Inoculant can be applied to roots by: Sprinkling onto roots when plants are transplanted Watering in via existing irrigation systems or with a watering can Worked into seed beds prior to seeds germinating Applied to seeds either as a liquid slurry, or as a dry coating Added into potting soil Applied as a root dip gel Probed into the root zone of existing plants and trees Broadcast dispersal of inoculants directly onto reclaimed soils is an inefficient means of application and should be avoided. If inoculants have to be applied directly to soils, they should be placed directly beneath seeds or transplants. What’s good about it? Commercial inoculant is easy to obtain and apply instantly. For growers who only need to inoculate a few plants, buying it’s a lot more simple than making it yourself. The infectivity (ability of spores to colonize on roots) of different mycorhizal inoculants for sale has been tested in various studies, some showing good results while others showing poor results. Criticism There are no industry standards in mycorrhizal products, which makes it hard to know how effective these products may be. Propagule count vs. Spore count: With propagule-count based inoculum, more than half of the inoculum could already be expired or have lost a portion of its viability, due to the short life of the hyphae. Spores typically only make up about 1/3 of commercial propagules.[4] Spore-count can give a more accurate representation of how much viable product is inside the package, as spores have a multiple-year shelf life when dried out. Low-Strength Cocktails: A suspicious industry trend is to cut AM fungi (endomycorrhizal) propagules with cheaper ectomycorrhizal propagules to reduce the cost of production. Ectomycorrhizae propagules are useless for crop growers. The plant species that associate with endomycorrhizae (AM fungi) do not associate with ectomycorrhizae & vice-versa. Tricoderma? Certain ‘myco blends’ contain extremely high proportions of tricoderma spores (cheap to produce) which has evidence in interfering with AM fungi during early colonization.[9] Non-localized species: AM fungal species are not host-specific, although research indicates that these fungi may be site-specific. The microbiological properties of the soil where an AM fungus was collected may be drastically different from where it will be used.[10] Key Points: Commercial inoculants are a quick, simple & sterile way to inoculate mycorrhizal fungi, however it’s uncertain of how effective these products may be. What Conditions Does Mycorrhizal Fungi Need To Survive? Soil temperature (not to be confused with air temperature): ?️ The optimal soil temperature for mycorrhizal fungi is between 10°C to 30°C (50°F to 86°F). There is a general increase in mycorrhizal colonization within this temperature range. Too high (above 35°C) or two low (below 8°C) temperatures will slow or halt AM fungi. However, there have been anecdotal evidence of root colonization of AM fungi at soil temperatures as low as 5°C (41°F).[18] ❄️Mycorrhizal fungi survive in cold winters contained within the root tissue of host plant in vesicles. In the spring, the fungus is capable of regrowth from vesicles in dead root particles. Vesicles are spore-like, globular organs that contain energy reserves produced by most AM fungi (this is the benefit in using mycorrhizal roots as inoculant). Medium: Aeration is important to producing mycorrhiza. Perlite, vermiculite, and peat based potting media with added compost are all shown to be successful in producing concentrations of AM fungus propagules, although vermiculite was shown to be a higher yielder than the others. [19] Silica sand (not coral sand) and is the most common substrate used for breeding mycorrhizal fungi. This is because of sand’s density – it sinks in water, making spore collection easier. Water: ?When mixing an inoculant with water, it’s important to avoid chlorinated water as it may kill mycorrhizal fungi spores. It’s best to use filtered water, rain water, distilled water, or Chloramine neutralizer in tap water. pH: Mycorrhizal fungi occur routinely within a pH range of 4.5 – 8.0. It is known that soil factors such as pH restrict the distribution of some taxa. However, pH is not usually the determining factor regarding mycorrhizal inoculum success. While it can play a part in plant growth and establishment, both plants and their fungal partners are capable of actively adjusting this important parameter to the benefit of the host plant and their fungal partners.[20] Can mycorrhizal fungi survive in aeroponic, hydroponic conditions? Yes! Mycorrhizae is not dependent on soil, but rather dependent on roots. Most AM fungi species are known to need oxygen which is why aeroponic methods are preferred over hydroponics. However, this study successfully colonized hydroponic plants with AM fungi in by intermittent aeration of the plant roots (2 h periods, four times per day), and other research has shown species of AM fungi that can survive completely immersed in water. How to do it: Liquid formulations of mycorrhizae can be added to the nutrient solution and delivered through the misting system directly to the root. Some filtering of the liquid before application may be required to prevent nozzle fouling. Recommended conditions for aeroponics: ?Oxygen at 6-8 ppm ?️Phosphorus not more than 70 ppm ❌Don’t use H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) or chlorinated water Aeroponically-grown mycorrhizal fungi inoculant: Many commercial AMF inocula applications use aeroponic propagation methods which are ideal for the easy collection of fungal spores & hyphae. Although, not all species of AM fungi are able to flourish in these conditions. (see https://invam.wvu.edu/methods/cultures/aeroponic-cultures) Compost and Mycorrhizal fungi: Contrary to popular belief, AM fungi (and all endomycorrhizal fungi) do not reproduce in compost piles or in compost teas. The hot composting process contains exceeds the temperatures that mycorrhizal fungi can live in – above 95°F(35°C) the spores remain dormant. Compost teas that involve steeping inoculant in highly aerated water for an extended period of time will damage or kill any viable external hyphae. Without a host plant mycorrhizal fungi is very limited in growth ability. Compost certainly has it’s benefits to plant soils, however it must be diluted with other medium and used with a host plant in order to support mycorrhizae. Mediums composed of 10-25% compost are suitable for increasing AM fungi populations.[21] “But I can see fungus growing in my compost pile” Any fungus found in the absence of a living host plant is highly likely to be a saprophytic, non-mycorrhyzal organism. Foliar feeding: AM fungi are root-colonizing organisms that thrive underground and away from sunlight. Foliar application by spraying inoculant on plant leaves or the surface of the soil does not put the fungi in close enough contact with the plant roots for fungal survival.[2] Benefits of Using Mycorrhizal Fungi Plants benefit from mycorrhizal fungi in ways such as: ?Faster growth ?Faster nutrient cycling ?Increased root mass ?️Increased nutrient uptake, especially phosphorus ⚖️Increased yields and crop quality ?️Improved drought resistance ?Enhanced flowering and fruiting ?Increased tolerance of salinity and heavy metals ?️Improved disease resistance While mycorrhizal relationship is ancient, most of the scientific research on mycorrhizae has been done in the past few decades. Regarding cannabis, there’s only one published study on it’s mycorrhizal relationship and it’s focus is on hemp’s metal accumulation abilities. What they found was that a species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induced growth and enhanced the translocation of metals from root to shoot. This study found that inoculation with Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi Increases the Yield of Potatoes in a High P Soil This study found that Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased growth, nutrient uptake and tolerance to salinity in olive trees under nursery conditions. These results show the mycelium of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increases soil water repellency and is sufficient to maintain water-stable soil aggregates More than simply aiding plants in mineral nutrient uptake, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) has been shown to protect plants from root pathogens by methods such as direct competition for colonization sites, indirect initiation of plant defensive responses or altering other rhizosphere biota.[22] Additional studies are linked throughout this article. What Does Mycorrhizal Fungi Do for Plants? Short answer: Plant roots give Mycorrhizal fungi sugars and a host (living plant roots) Mycorrhizal fungi helps plants in nutrient uptake, and aids in water and mineral collection. How it works: Mycorrhizal fungi uses carbon from carbohydrates (sugars) to grow. Plants make these carbohydrates through photosynthesis and excrete them to though it’s roots to feed the fungi. In return, plant roots gain the increased nutrient absorbtion abilities of the fungus – Mycorrhizae mycelium has a higher absorptive capacity for water and mineral elements. What’s so good about it? The large surface area of mycorrhizae’s fungal hyphae act like an extension of the plant’s roots, called extraradical mycelium. Because they are smaller than roots, the microscopic hyphae are able to penetrate smaller spaces between soil particles.[11] Mycorrhizal Fungal hyphae also take up and store water to give to plants during dry periods, imporoving their resistance to drought.[12] Increased phosphorus uptake Plants frequently have trouble absorbing the major nutrient phosphorus (P), even when abundant in soil. This is due to P’s low solubility, low mobility, and it’s ability to bind itself with cations, forming unsoluble complexes that are unavailable to plants. Along with this, plants often develop a phosphate depletion zone around their roots. Mycorrhizal fungi produces powerful phosphatesolubilizing enzymes that are released into the soil, increasing phosphate solubility. These “digested” phosphate minerals are sent to the host by fungal hyphae transporters, reducing the metabolic energy needed by plants.[13] This study calculated that over 50% of P uptake by plants was absorbed via AM fungi, even when P was added to the soil. Key Points: Mycorrhizae increases the absorbing area available to the roots, and assists plants in water and mineral uptake. How is Mycorrhizal Fungi Good For Soil? Short answer: For nutrient cycling; To speed up decomposition of organic matter in the soil, resulting in more nutrients for plants to use. Fungi play an important role in the soil food web. The fungal energy channel fuels populations of microarthropods, other mesofauna, and beneficial microbes. Nutrient cycling Undecayed matter such as the leaf litter, wood chips, rock powders and bone meals present in soils all contain nutrients that must be broken down into the smallest particle (ions) in order to be absorbed by plants. How do you get that? Decomposition. While all organic matter is subject to decomposition by microbial (fungi, bacteria) and environmental agents (i.e. rain, wind, sunlight), mycorrhizal fungi assists in creating enzymes that accelerate the decay of this matter. AM fungi has been shown to accelerate decomposition, as well as acquire nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen from organic material.[14] How it works: Mycorrhizae fungi works as a decay organism, mobilizing nutrients to be passed onto the host plant. A recent study found that mycorrhizae is responsible for 50% of the annual throughput of biomass and for 43% of the nitrogen released annually in a Doulis fir ecosystem.[15] What’s so good about it? Mycorrhizae fungi can activate immobilized nutrients locked up in long-term nutrient sources present in the soil by decomposition. Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi have been shown to induce growth and absorb more toxic heavy metals from polluted soils.[16] Mycorrhizae fungi also can act as a pH buffer, allowing plants to recieve nutrients such as phopshate ions and iron that they could otherwise not obtain due to pH-related nutrient lockout. This is common in very acidic or very basic pH soils.[17] Key points: Mycorrhizal fungi assist in the creation of powerful enzymes that unlock immobilized nutrients such as phosphorus, iron, nitrogen and calcium from material sources in the soil. How to Increase Mycorrhizal Fungi in 4 Steps Besides inoculation, here are 4 more tips that will help increase mycorrhizal fungi populations. Increase Aeration Mycorrhizae requires oxygen to breathe, so aerated soil-mixes helps for increasing the amount of mycorrhizal fungi that can live & colonize. Ways to increase aeration in the soil include mixing in non-porus material such as coarse sand, perlite or lava rock, or mixing in airy porus material such as vermiculite, rinsed coco coir or peat moss. Aeroponics has been shown to be more sucessful than hydroponics in harboring mycorrhizal fungi, due to the high oxgen level present in aeroponic systems. Increase Beneficial Bacteria Mycorrhizal fungi thrives in soils with a high amount of aerobic, beneficial bacteria. There are complex interactions between beneficial soil microbes and the mycorrhizae. As a rule of thumb, anything that will slow down the soil bacteria will inturn slow down the mycorrhizal fungi. Ways to increase beneficial bacteria in the garden include using worm castings, compost teas and compost. Apply Mulch A mulch covering that keeps the topsoil cool and protected from the sun is ideal for cultivating mycorrhizal fungi. Too much heat or UV light can damage the delicate fungi, which is why mulching with organic matter is recommended. For example, a sub-tropical bean tree Inga (called the ice-cream bean tree) produces leaf litter high in nitrogen. Farmers in Honduras are using this tree to grow food crops in a method called “alley cropping“, where crops are grown in between rows of Inga trees. Alley cropping is great for mycorrhizal fungi because it replaces tilling and provides nitrogen-rich mulch for both plant and fungi to benefit. Avoid Disturbing the Soil Reducing tillage has been repeatedly shown to increase AM colonisation and nutrient uptake. Soil tillage causes severe disruption to the mycorrhizae, resulting in delayed or reduced root colonisation and a reduction in the volume of soil that is exploited by the AM fungi. However, the effects on growth and nutrient uptake are in some cases only temporary which is why it still may be beneficial for growers to occasionally till or disrupt soil if needed and re-inoculate.[23] What Mycorrhizal Fungi Doesn’t Like: Fungicides or fumigation will eliminate mycorrhizal fungi in the soil. Benomyl and thiophanate-methyl are used to suppress/eradicate AM fungi from soil and plants.[24] Compaction, use of high NPK fertilizers, hydrogen peroxide, Epsom salt, are harmful to AM fungi. Excessive phosphorus in soil is detrimental to mycorrhizal fungi. You’ll get the most benefits from AM fungi if phosphorus levels are below 70 ppm. References: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3817225/ https://www.uaf.edu/files/ces/publications-db/catalog/anr/HGA-00026.pdf https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-38364-2_5 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/quantifying-mycorrhizae-spores-vs-propagules-why-mike-mason-jd-mba https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/30584/PDF https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01448765.2003.9755251 https://mycorrhizas.info/vam.html https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jpln.200625159 http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-548X2006000100004&script=sci_arttext https://www.uaf.edu/files/ces/publications-db/catalog/anr/HGA-00026.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228508624_Effects_of_VAM_on_host_plant_in_the_condition_of_drought_stress_and_its_mechanisms https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398253/ http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/156/3/1050 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11565029 https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/65533/j.1469-8137.1980.tb03189.x.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15698640 https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01402.x https://www.lebanonturf.com/education/effect-of-soil-temperature-on-root-colonization-by-mycorrhizal-fungi https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031395 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x00-090#.WyOiVSAxXIU https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4323289/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001584/ https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/lifesci/research/soilmicrobialdiversity/mycorrhizaldiversity_/gosling_et_al_aee_2006.pdf#Rbib73 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833748 Trap culture images used courtesy of INVAM

Where do I get that stuff???

Oh Dusty! You just gave me the perfect solution for keeping the weeds down!!! thanks! I wonder if the straw is still "hot" though? should I wait a few months or should I use it for next year?

I love when you can find a great deal!!! that's awesome cornelius! :D

Thanks Dennis, I will have to look into that pressure canner! I might have to save up for awhile to get one of those, don't they run like $500? That would be nice if the time of canning was cut down to half! Yeah, need an 8 foot tall fencing to keep the deer out, cats to hunt the gophers, moles, and rabbits. blessings!

Hi Jason, even if you only get a few seed packets, it would be a good thing... I think seeds are going to be like the toilet paper and the paper towels.... poof, gone. You should try the stores first though, they seem to still have seeds. Best to get the heirlooms, non-gmo. good luck! and blessings :)

Hello Echo.... I think we are worse than Sodom and Gomorrah.... we have allowed millions and millions of babies to be murdered... and then took that and taught other countries to do it too.... Judgment is going to be coming very swiftly

Isaiah 45:11 Thus saith the LORD, The Holy One of Israel, and his Maker, Ask me of things to come concerning My sons, And concerning the work of My hands command ye ME.

Umm, I believe the asteroid, or debri, or whatever that is going to be thrown down, is coming and I think it is described as a great mountain is because it is going to be huge. Fire, well, when things are coming down through our atmosphere and at an incredibly fast rate, yes, it will be like it is burning with fire.

Hello, I agree with you on most of what you say but the Mark of the beast not being a literal physical mark, I beg to differ. Revelation 13: 15-17 15. And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed. 16. And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or on their foreheads. 17. And no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. If this was not a literal mark that can be seen, how would they know to do transactions? You need to have it in order to buy and sell. This also like you said, will only be on those who have pledged allegiance to the devil and have forsaken their faith in Jesus and renounced His name, which there is no turning back or repentance from. It will be visible. People will know that you have it or not. How do you think they will know to persecute the True Believers? Because they will see that the Believers do NOT have the MOB.

Hello brother Echo, there was a lot of confusion when Paul wrote 1 Thessalonians, those Christians thought they had missed Jesus coming back.. so he had to write 2 Thessalonians to clarify. That goes for us as well. 2 Thessalonians 2:1-12 King James Version (KJV) 2 Now we beseech you, brethren, by the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, and by our gathering together unto him,(there is only one event) 2 That ye be not soon shaken in mind, or be troubled, neither by spirit, nor by word, nor by letter as from us, as that the day of Christ is at hand. 3 Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, (there is only one day, it does not say day and another day or days.) except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; ( there is a great falling away of the Church. we will be here when the antichrist comes into power and God is going to reveal who he is) 4 Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God. 5 Remember ye not, that, when I was yet with you, I told you these things? 6 And now ye know what withholdeth that he might be revealed in his time. 7 For the mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way. 8 And then shall that Wicked be revealed, whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of his coming: ( Jesus will destroy with the brightness of His coming.. how can He come without destroying the antichrist when He comes, like you say the first time and then comes back for those supposed left behind???) 9 Even him, whose coming is after the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders, 10 And with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that they might be saved. 11 And for this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that they should believe a lie: 12 That they all might be damned who believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness. And show me where in the Scriptures does it say that some will be left behind and get another chance at redemption? When I first became a believer as a child, there was urgency. You don't get another chance for salvation if Jesus came back.. You had to make a decision right then and there when you heard the Gospel. We are never guaranteed tomorrow. blessings brother!

Hello not an echo, there are no two phases for there is only one ONE SECOND COMING, and it will not be a sudden and unexpected return as a "thief" .... 1 Thessalonians 5: 2-8 2 For yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night. 3 For when they shall say, Peace and safety; then sudden destruction cometh upon them, as travail upon a woman with child; and they shall not escape. 4 But ye, brethren, are not in darkness, that that day should overtake you as a thief. 5 Ye are all the children of light, and the children of the day: we are not of the night, nor of darkness. 6 Therefore let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be sober. 7 For they that sleep sleep in the night; and they that be drunken are drunken in the night. 8 But let us, who are of the day, be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love; and for an helmet, the hope of salvation. If we are obeying what the Scriptures are telling us, that "day" should not overtake us like a thief because we will have been watching and being sober. Jesus no one knows the day or the hour but He told us the season and the signs to look for and you will find them in Matthew 24, Mark 13, and Luke 21

Hello Wayne, we should not be ignorant. What we don't know can and could hurt us, not like the old saying. We need to be aware and know how to deal should a problem arise, but like Beujangles said, not everyone is called into the deliverance ministry. Also by knowing what is going on in the spiritual realm, we would know how to pray. blessings! :)

Where does it say that in the Scriptures? God always has a remnant. The Church will go underground.

Dennis, Kitazawa will have all the seeds you want... they are not in short supply yet. You are smart in getting all your jars too. I think the art of canning is lost to most of the population. I did not know how to can myself until just a few years ago. But it is really good to do.. although sometimes because the process is so time-consuming and such hard work, the emotional attachment is high on those jars! LOL! They are an emotional investment. We also have deer too, so I have to put high fencing around everything. I had gophers one year and they just ate all my sweet potatoes, I did not get a single one! I had over 50 plants too! UGH! I shot a couple of the rabbits that got in my garden. I take no prisoners if something is after my garden. They will die. I don't like putting in all that work and effort only to have something else eat it! LOL My dogs help in scaring away some of the critters and my cats take care of the moles. Maybe you need some cats and dogs? Good luck on your seed search and hope we can compare our garden escapades! :)

Hello Manonfire63. Why do you read the articles and sayings of men on something that the Lord would be able to give you the answers? Why don't you search the Scriptures and tell us what the LORD says who seers are? That would be more interesting to me. thank you. Blessings! :D

Why would God give us the Book of Revelation and also tell us that those who read it shall be blessed if we are not going to be here to experience it? What is the point of even having that Book if we are to be raptured before all those events occur? Also, I think our thinking of the righteous being removed is all wrong. In the Scriptures, it is always the wicked that are removed, not the righteous. Many Scripture verses say that the "wicked shall be cut off" No where does it say that the Righteous are removed. In fact it says that the righteous are never removed. Those who are martyred and beheaded during the tribulation for the Name of Jesus are the ones who will rule and reign for 1,000 years with Jesus during the Millenial reign but the rest will not live again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection... Revelation 20:4-5. Jesus says in His sermon on the Mount, it is the meek that shall inherit the earth. Psalm 37 has throughout that the wicked are removed, cut off, perish, consume away, BUT the righteous inherit the land, shall dwell in the land... Maybe we need to look at the Scriptures without the filters of preconceived and taught ideas of men but rather let the Spirit of the Lord reveal His truth to us. Look at the Scriptures with fresh eyes. Proverbs 10:30 King James Version (KJV) 30 The righteous shall never be removed: but the wicked shall not inhabit the earth.